Color correction system



June 7, 1960 sHAPlRo COLOR CORRECTION SYSTEM Filed July 2o. 1956 fz J.

4 Sheets-Sheet 1 ATTENEX June 7, 1960 sHAPlRo 2,939,908

coLoR CORRECTION SYSTEM Filed July 20, 1956 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed July 20,` 1956 IN VEN TOR. aan J/UIM June 7, 1960 L, sHAPlRQ 2,939,908

COLOR CORRECTION SYSTEM Filed July 20, 1956 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Lazzi.; Ma/aim BY ZA l ATTORNEY 2,939,908 Patented .lune 7, 1960 COLOR CORRECTION SYSTEM Louis Shapiro, Haddoueld, NJ., assigner to Radin Cor- 1 poration of America, a corporation of Delaware Filed July 20, 1956, Ser. No. 599,255

Z3 Claims. (Cl. 178--5.2)

. This invention relates to color-correction systems for 'colorreproduction processes, and more particularly to a system for obtaining a black plate for use in four-color reproduction.

In a three-color system of reproducing a colored original by means of printing plates, the blacks and grays of the original are reproduced by super-imposing all three colored inks. While it is theoretically possible to produce any color, within certain limits, by combining, in proper proportions, inks of the three subtractive primary colors,`

cyan, magenta, and yellow, the use of black in addition to the three primaries has a number of advantages. Due -to deficiencies in the inks, a very dark black cannot generally be produced by an overlay of the three ink primaries. In four-colorprinting, the use of black ink in addition to the primaries provides a greater brightness range. Other advantages of the four-color system are the saving of relatively expensive colored inks and sharper outlines and details in the printed reproduction. Accordingly, four-color reproductions are generally preferred. v 4'In a four-color` system of color-correction, the colored original is scanned with a beam of light to produce three sets of electrical signals representative of the additive color primaries, red, green, and blue. From these signals, four sets of corrected electrical signals are computed representative of the subtractive primaries and black. The corrected signals are used to control the intensity of a light source to expose four color-corrected negatives or printers, which areused to make the printing plates.

In the past, it was proposed to print black ink where all three of the colored inks would be superimposed in the three-color system. To compensate for the addition of black ink, the under-color that produced black was removed. A dot of blackv ink replaced the area of the smallest color dot, and the sizes of the other color dots were correspondingly reduced by the size of the black dot. One such proposed system is described in the patent to Hall, U.S. No. 2,231,668. This type of system for preparing the color-corrected negatives has not given ptimum results. As explained in the patent to Hardy, et al., U.S. No. 2,431,561, the accurate computation of the black and subtractive primary dot sizes requires consideration of much more complex relationships among the dot sizes than the simplified theory implies. This Hardy patent discloses a system for computing the ink dot sizes that takes into account these complex relationships.

In the preparation of a black printer, it is not only desirable that theoretical requirements are met, but also that the practical requirements and preferences of the photoengraving and graphic arts are met. It has been found, for example, that it is preferred that black not be printed, or printed only in small amounts, in certain instances even though all three of the subtractive primaries are present. Furthermore, these preferences are not uniform. It is apparent, therefore, that a system for preparing a black printer that can be readily adapted to carry out the varied requirements and preferences of the graphic arts is needed.

In a patent application Color Correction Systems of H. I. Woll, Serial No. 371,371, filed July 30, 1953, issued as Patent No. 2,848,528 on August 19, 1958, and assigned to the same assignee as that of this application, another black printer system is described. In a system described in this copending application, a brightness signal is derived that is related to the brightness of the image area lto be reproduced. Another signal is derived that is related to the color -saturation condition of the image area to be reproduced. A black signal is generated in accordance with both the brightness and the saturation signals.

In a color correction computer of the type described in the aforementioned Hardy patent, the computer tends to operate as though an overlay of the three colored inks (for example, certain proportions of cyan, magenta, and yellow) is the same as black ink. However, for many purposes the three color overlay is not the same as black ink; and often the eye may note the diiference in a printed reproduction. As a result, for certain printed copy, it is desirable that sharp transitions from black ink to a three color overlay representing black be avoided in adjacent areas of a printed reproduction. It has been found that the etching action of the photoengraving process tends to be non-linear lat sharp edges of the photoengraving plate. This etching action tends to accentuate any sharp transitions of the image represented by these sharp edges in the three color and black plates. As a result of this etching action, any sharp transitions between black ink and a three color overlay for black tend to become more pronounced. It has also been found that the changes in black ink in image areas calling for gradual transitions should be not greater than a certain number of times the rate of change of that colored ink that is changing most rapidly. If this relationship is not maintained, excessive black ink tends to be printed at certain areas and spurious detail in these areas results. In addition to the foregoing objections to sharp edges in a black plate, certain portions of the printing industry have marked preferences for a black plate that has gradual or controlled transitions and avoids sharp edges (except, of course, when an image to be reproduced contains such sharp transitions).

Accordingly, it is among the objects of this invention to provide:

A new and improved system for producing a black printer;

A new and improved system for producing four color corrected records corresponding to three primary colors and black;

A new and improved color correction system that may be readily adapted to meet varied preferences and requirements in the amount of black to be printed.

In accordance with this invention a brightness signal is produced in accordance with the brightness of the area to be reproduced. A saturation signal is produced in accordance with the extent to which all three of the component colors to be reproduced are present. These brightness and saturation signals are continuously combined over lan extended range of both signals; the black-printer signal is derived from the combined signal.

For purposes of combining the saturation and brightness signals it has been found desirable to mix these signals on a non-linear basis; that is `to say, to provide an output signal which is a non-linear function of the two input signals (the aforementioned brightness and satura- `tion signals).

Accordingly, it is also among the objects of this invention to provide:

A new and improved non-linear mixing circuit;

A new and improved circuit for generating a non-linear function` of two or more variable inputs.

In accordance with this invention a non-linear mixer circuit is provided by using a plurality of electron control devices, each of which has -a remote cutoff characteristic. VThe input signals to be mixed are applied to the control electrodes of different ones of these devices. The cathode electrodes of these devices are connected to a common impedance. An output signal is derived at this impedance. This output signal is proportional to the sum of non-linear functions of the input signals.. These non-linear `functions are related to the non-linear characteristics of the respective control devices and, also, to the relative values of the input signals.

The Y:foregoing and other objects, the advantages and novel features of this invention, `as well as the invention itself both as to its organization and mode of operation, may be best understood from the following description when read. in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts,

and in which:

.Figure 1 is a schematic block diagram of a color correction system embodying this'invention;

. Figure A2 is a schematic circuit diagram of lportions of the` system shown in Figure l;

Figure 3 is an Yidealized graph used to explain the operation of the circuits of Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a schematic circuit diagram 'of one form of mixer circuit that may be used 'with the circuits of Figure 2;

. Figure 5 is an idealized graph used to explain the combined operation of the circuits of Figures 2 and 4; Figure 6 i's va schematic circuit diagram of another form of mixercircuit that may be used with the'circuits of Figure 2, and which embodies this invention;

y,Figure 7 is an idealizedngrap'h used to explain the operation of the non-linear mixing circuit shown in Figure 5; n

Figure 8 is Aan idealized graph in three dimensions used toA explain the operation of the non-linear Vmixer circuit shown in Figure 5;

.FigurefQ isa schematicjcircuit diagram showing Aan equivalent circuit of the'non-line'ar 'mixing lcircuit of Figure 5;and,

. ,Figure 1Gis`a schematic circuit tion of the circuit of Figure 5. I u

In Figure 1, 4a color-correction system' embodying this invention Ais shown. A subjecttnot shown) having color characteristics is scanned by means of a scanner system 10 to proyide'electrical signals on three channels 12, i4, and 16 corresponding 4to color component characteristics of this subj/ect. 'The signals on the channels 12, 1d, and `1,6may correspondgfor example, to certain additive primary colors, for exarnple, those commonly known asred (RV), greenlG), and blue (B), respectively. The spectral characteristics of these primaryV colors are Adetermined by the choice ofcolor, lters ,(not shown) used with Athe scanner system 10. An appropriate form of a flying spot scanner system that may be used for this purpose is described inU.S. Patent No. 2,740,828. The R, G, B signals in" the channels 12, 14, and V1d are applied to a color-correction computer which may be of the type describedin the aforementioned Hardy patent U.S. 2,431,- 5.61. The outputs of this'N computer 18 are electrical signals in the channels i720, 22, and 2a These electrical signals correspond to values of the colored inks that may mbe used to provide a printed reproduction of the original colored subject. Commonly used colored inks for such printed reproductions are cyan (c), 'magenta (m),`and yellow (y), l

The computer output channels, V22, and 24 are connected to selector switch Aterminals 2,6, 28, and 30, respectively. The movable contact 32 Voffthe/selector switclrgconnectsgone of these` terminals 26', 23, v430 to a reclogder"34,*whichmay begoperated synchronously with the scanner loto producefcolor corrected photographic separations of the original subject. appropriateform of recorder is describedinA patent U.S."No.y 2,740,828,

diagram of a modificanoted above. These corrected photographic separations may be used to make the photoengravings used to print the reproduction.

The R, G, B signals in the channels 12, 14, and 16 are also applied to a brightness signal circuit 36. This circuit 36 produces in its output channel 38 a signal that is related to the brightness or luminance of the original subject being scanned; the brightness or luminance of an image is greatest in light areas, and least in dark areas. This brightness 'signa-l is derived yfrom a combination of all three of the R, G, B signals, an appropriate combination is described hereinafter.

The ink signals c, m, and y in the computer output channels 20, 22, and 24 are also applied to a saturation signal circuit 4G. This saturation signalV circuit 44) derives from the ink signals c, m, `and y, a signal that is related to the color saturation or purity or" the image area to be ureproduced; 4a color has a -lw level of saturation or purity when it is 'made up of substantial :amounts of all three inks, and la :highlevelfof saturation :when a't'ile'a'st lone of the inks is absent or substantially absent. This saturation signal is 'supplied by ivay'of the: channel to a non-linear fnnxer 'circuit j44. ruhe mixer `circuit 44 also receives the brightness signal lin the channel 38. The-mixer 'circuit combines 'the saturation and brightness Ysignals 'in accordance with 'certain relationships of y"the brightness and saturation signals to produce a iblackssignal as an output signal. channel ed is fed back as an input to thecolor-'correction computer 1.8, and is `alsoied'as a'noutput totherslector switch terminal 4d. Y

In Figure 2, a 'schematic circuit diagram is shown'tof the 'brightness signal circuit 36', 'the `saturation 'signalV -circuit liii, Vand Vtheir respective -'amplifier circuits"1242and ldd. The brightness signal circuit 36 ma'y includelthree summing resistors 50, 52, land'54that1-have terminals Trespectitfelyjconnected to 'terminals'fof the-R, '-G, B channels i2, '114, 'and 116. l The Vother terminalsoffthese ming `resistors 50,52, and'54 are connected-togetherfto-a terminal of a load Iresistor `156, the other terminaliloi which is connected toa referencepotential-terminal`shown las ground. p' The common terminal of the'summingfresistors `50, 52V, :and "54' is -also connected to the gridf-of vla cathode' follower circuit"f58. Thevoltage that is :applied 'to thelgrid of the cathode follower "58 is .proportional tov a weighted sum 'of thef`R,YG,`-Blsignals. The value'sof these resistorsV 50, l`52, -and v`51t- "are 4fchosen V'to pro'vide a brightness signal that isWeightedinfaccordance with" certain proportions `that aref.Igenerallyfconsidered-tolbe the characteristics of the .'.greenfv receptor 'of the ifhumaneye. This weighted brightness signal".jgir'oducedbyV theeparameters 'shownfi11LFi'g`ure -2`fis madelup'o'f approximately 28% of the red signal,64'% fof the;, 'greenfsignarl,vand 8% *of `'the nlbluef signal fin A:accordance -withvthe isp'ectr-al characteristics oftheprimaryfcolrs,red,'igreen, anda'lue, that-fare used.

In the saturation signal fcircuit"-40,threefcathoderfollower circuits 60, 62, and "64 receive' veltagesaat their respective grids that are c,`m,*a`n'diysignalsirom'the-ink channels 20, 22 and 324. An'adjustable tapf-'on'the cathode resistor 68 Vvof -thefclsign'al 'cathodef follower-160 is connected-through'aresistor 7t1tothefcathodeoffa limiting diode 72; theanoxleof this'fdiode72iis cnnnec'ted` to?4 ground. ln a sinailar manlienfadiustableftaps 74 and 76 of the cathode'resis'tors'7S-rnd8taelconnected by way of'r'esi'st'ors 782 andii'to ltheca-tho'desof diodes S6 :and 88, respectively. `'-'l'heanodesffoffithese diodes'36 `and 88"'are/alsoV connected tog "d. The cathodes of all three diodes 712,86, land." S,""a'refoonnected through separate summingf'resisto'rs*905592;1and 94 to a common connection 96. fThe-diodesf72,186,"88

the average of these positive voltages.

This black (n) Yfs'igna'l 'on the' 54` may be shunted in estacas The output 96 of the saturation signal .circuit 4.0 ,is connected to a saturation amplier circuit 100. This amplifier 100 includes twoxtriodes 102 and 104 `having .a `common cathode impedance network made up of two resistors 106 and 108 respectively connected between the cathodes of the tubes 102 and 104 and a negative voltage supply. This network also includes an adjustable resistor 110 connected between the cathodes of the tubes, whereby the gain of the amplifier 100 `is adjusted. The grid of the tube 102 receives the varying output of the' saturation circuit 40. The grid of the tube 104 receives `a constant voltage supplied from a potentiometer 112, which serves to supply an appropriate direct voltage level to the varying signal. The output of the amplifier consisting of triodes 102 and 104 is taken by -means of a voltage divider that includes the anode load resistor 114 of the tube 104 in series with qtwo other resistors 116 and 11S. A capacitor 120 is connected across the middle resistor 116 to afford a suitable frequency response. The junction of the resistors 116 and 11S is connected tothe grid of a cathode follower 122, from the cathode of which the amplifier output is taken on the connection 134, and supplied to the mixer 44.

The brightness signal produced `,by the circuit 36 is amplified in an amplifier circuit 124 of the same general type as the amplifier 100. To assure proper signal phase relationships the ampliiied output is derived from the anode of the tube 126, whose grid receives the varying brightness signal from the circuit .36.. Otherwise, the circuit 124 is substantially the same as the circuit 100 described above; the gain adjustment resistor 125 is shunted by a capacitor 123, and the capacitor 120 of the amplifier 100 is not used in the circuit 124. The capacitor 123 is used to ensure proper frequency response; other resistors, such as the resistors 50, 52 and a similar manner for the same purpose. The output of the amplifier circuit 124 is taken from the cathode of a cathode follower 128 and supplied by way of the connection 13.0 to the mixer 44.

Reference is made to the graph of Figure 3 for the purpose of explaining colorimetrically the mode of operation of the circuits shown intFigure 2. vThe following colorimetric explanations ware the best presently available 'that appear suitable to explain the observed pheln the graph of Figure .3, the brightness, or luminance, function isplotted along the abscissalcoordinate and ink values are plotted as'the ordinates. The ink values are plotted asY percentiles; these percentiles are used to define the amount of ink applied to a unit area. For example, in a half-tone printing process, 100% ink corresponds to full ink coverage of the half-tone unit area; lesser percentiles are proportionate coverage of that unit area; and represents the absence of ink in the unit area. For convenience in` relating the R, G, B signals to the ink signals, percentiles are also used for these R, G, B signals and for the brightness function derived therefrom. The R, G, B percentiles represent the proportionate amount of the possible range of these R, G, B inputs to the computer 18. For convenience in relating the inl: signals and the R, G, B signals to each other, increasing percentiles in each case represent decreasing brightness. rlhus, 0% in each of the R, G, B, and brightness signals represents a maximum brightness value of the signal, and 100% represents minimum brightness.

In Figure 3, the line 160 represents values of black ink plotted against the brightness function under conditions of minimum or low saturation, or purity. This graph 160 may be considered as the function that would be generated at the connection 130 by the brightness signal circuit 36 and the ampliiier 124. This graph 160 is the brightness, or luminance, function,

for *values of R, G, nand B ranging from 0% to 10.0% from maximum to minimum brightness.

Let us consider a condition of all the inks being present at maximum amounts; `that is, a condition in which the computer 18 is set upto produce a combination Aof inks corresponding tothe black limit of the `printed reproduction. In one yrepresentative segments of the print infy industry, an appropriate combination of `inks representing `this black limit of 100% brightness (i.e., minimumbrightness) is 60% of c, 50% of m, 40% of y, and 100% of n. This set of values is Vthe origin of the graph 160 `in Figure 3; the condition that exists when R=G=B=100%. (In the computer of the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 2,431,561, the ink values of 0% and 100% are limits that are not generally reached in practice due to a pulse-duration mode of ink value representation. Actual limits of ink values are vapproximately 1% and `99%. However, for simplicity of presentation, the limits of 0% and 100% are described as though they actually occur, and as they might occur in a different type of computer.)

The relationships of the R, G, B and ink spectral char-, acteristics are such that the increase of red in the original subject corresponds generally to a decrease of cyan in the printed reproduction; an increase of green to a decrease of magenta; and an increase of blue to a decrease in yellow; `in terms of percentiles, R and c, G and m, and B and y tend to change together to a first approximation. Due to the overlapping spectral characteristics of the inks and of the original color separation tilters, a change in c actually corresponds to second order changes in Gand B as well as the main, first order, change in R.

With these ink and light-value relationships in mind, it is seen that a change in the cyan ink from the blaclo limit value of 60%, at the origin, to a value of 0% corresponds to, and is the result of, a change in the red brightness percentile from approximately to 0%. Tha-t is, this change in c from 60% to 0% occurs with a reduction in the brightness function value L due to addition of the R component of approximately 28%; let us say, for thesake of example, 30%, to take into account certain second order effects that are due also to small reductions in G and B. Thus, the cyan function maybe represented, as shown by the line 162 in Figure 3, chang# l ing from 6,0% to 0% of ink as the brightness function changes from 100% to 70% (corresponding to the R signal going from approximately 100%` to 0%). In a similar manner, the magenta function may be plotted as line 164; m changes from 50% to 0% corresponding to a change in brightness from 100% to approximately 40% (the 64% coefficient of G rounded off); and lthe yellow function may be plotted as the line 166with yellow changing from 40% to 0% as the brightness changes from 100% to 90% (the 8% coecient of B rounded off). .Actual quantitative relationships are contingent on` choices of separation iilters, spectral characteristics of inks and certain other spectral factors.

The graph of the brightness function establishes one `condition for the generation of black, n. Another condition is that when any of the computed ink values, c, m, or y, goes to 0%, n should also go to 0%. This condition may be explained in terms of saturation or purity: When one of the colored inks, c, m, y, goes to 0%, the printed color should be one of maximum or nearmaximum saturation, or purity, and black should not be present. Consequently, the points 163, 165', and 167 of 0% ink for each of 'the c, m, any y graphs 162, 164, and 166 should also represent conditions of 0% black due to the computed colors indicating near-maximum saturation. i Y

An initial condition that is now considered is the. one

mentioned above of all the inksbeing present tothe maximum amounts.` That is, the inks are 60% of cyan,A 50% of magenta,.40% `of yellow, and 100% of black. The brightness function is also 100% at these Y brightness being the origin of the graph 160 of Figure 3.

`As the yellow ink y changes from 40% to 0%, the brightness 4function L changes from 100% to 90% along the brightness curve 160, as noted above (there may be increases -in the computed values of c -and m from the black limit values, which increases are due to the various Vchanges taking place). At L=90%, Vthe value of black n, along the graph 160, is approximately 90%. Ho ever, as yellow goes to at point 167, a condition of near-maximum saturation is reached, and the value of n should suddenly change to 0%. If n actually changed in this manner, the amount of change in nvwould be Vapproximately 90% as the yellow ink changes the last percentile or so. Such a ratio of a change in black to a change in yellow ink exceeds the ratio that is desired by the industry, and tends to produce a black plate that is objectionable for the reasons noted above. It has been found that a tolerable ratio of the rate of change in black to the rate of change of any one of the colored inks (with the other two held constant) or to the combined rate of change of all the inks may range from approximately 2:1 to 10:1, or even greater, to meet diierent standards; for the purpose of this description, this ratio is assumed to be 5:1.

The conditions for the generation of the black signal as developed thus far may be summarized as follows: Black should be generated (l) in accordance with a brightness function, L; except that (2) in region of high or near-maximum saturation, when c, m, or y is near 0%, no black should be generated, and (3) the ratio.

of the rate of change of black `as it approaches 0% to the rate of change in the colored ink or inks'should not exceed a certain value (which is assumed to be 5:1). The graph 168 is a line that has a slope that is live times the slope of the y graph 166, and that has a 0% ink value at the same L value as the y graph 166. This graph 168 intersects the brightness function graph 160 at a point 169 corresponding to a brightness value of approximately 95%. An extension of this graph 163 intersects the brightness axis at point 190, which is also :1t-approximately 95% brightness. This graph168'betWeenthe points 169 andV 167-represents a curve that the black ink function may follow under the conditions that black ink is togo to V0% as only yellow ink goes to 0% (at the Vsamebrightness values) and a 5:1 ratio of their Y rates of-change is not to be exceeded.

. Ina similar manner, the'graph 170 represents a black ink function that goes to 0% under the conditions that only cyan ink goes to 0% (at the same brightness values), and the .ratio of their rates of change'doesv not exceed 5:1. This function 170 crosses the brightness graph 160 at a point 171 corresponding to a brightness value of approximately 78%, and, at a brightness value of 70%, the cyan and black inks both reach 0%. An extension of graph 170 intersects the brightness axis at point 192, which is at about 80% brightness. The graph 172 represents the -black ink function that goes to 0% under the conditions that only magenta ink goes to 0%, and the ratio of the black ink change to 4the magenta ink change-does not exceed 5:1. The graph 172 crosses the brightness graph 160 at a point 173 corresponding to a brightness value of approximately 53%, and t le magenta and black inks both reach 0% :at la brightness value of 40%. f An extension of graph 172 intersects the X axis at the point V191i, which is at about 65% brightness. The points 190, 192 and 194, at the intersections of the brightness axis and the extensions of the respective lines 168, ,170` and 172, represent points at whichy the inks y, c, and mhave values that call for a departure of black from'7100% Vdue to the start of the saturation effects.

Such saturation starting points are shown in Figure 3 to be on the brightness axis, For various black printer characteristics, "such starting points may be below this `brightness axis'and correspond to a theoretical ink percentage of more than The ordinate erected at the saturation starting point `190 intersects its yassociated yellow ink graph 166 at the point 19.1, at which y is about 21%. Similarly, the ordinate erectedat the saturation starting point 192 intersects the associated cyan curve 162 'at 193, Where cyan has a value of about 20%; and the ordinate erected at the starting point 194 intersects the associated magenta curve 164 at 195, where magenta has a value of about 19%.v

The intersections 169, 171 and 173 of the graph 160 and the respective lines 168, 17 0 and 172 represent crossover points at which dominant control of percentage black ink should pass from the brightness curve to the associated one of the saturation curves 168, 170, 172

as the brightness changes in the direction of decreasing percentage. v v

At the brightness value of each of these saturation control lpoints 169, 171, and 173, there is an associated point 175, '177, and 179 on the graphs 166, 162, and 16d, respectively. The value of yellow ink at the point 175, which corresponds to the associated saturation control point 169, is approximately 20%. At this value of yellow,20% (c and m having valuesV that are equal t0 or greater than 60% and 50%, respectively), the function shown as the graph 16S should start to dominate the generation of black ink. In a similar manner, corresponding to the saturation control point `171 is the point 177, at which the cyan value is approximately 17%.V Likewise, corresponding to the saturation control point 173 is the point 179, at which the magenta Vvalue is approximately 12%. Y

The point 196 may be considered a saturation starting point corresponding to a brightness value at which all three inks are at their saturation starting values at the same time. The line 197 has the same slope as the magenta saturation curve 172, and represents the extreme case of magenta going to Zero from the point 196. The crossover point 198 is generally at the smallest bright-` ness percentile at which the brightness function can dominatethe generation of black. The point 199 is at the smallest brightness percentile at which a black ink value is to `be generated with the parameters indicated above. Actually a paste color condition may exist at somewhat higher brightness percentiles than these, and this pastel condition would call for 0% black,v as indicated below. A Y i 1 YThe operation of the saturation signal circuit 40 and its amplier 1410 substantially in accordance with the graphs 16S, 170, and 172 is now described. A particular set of circuit parameters is shown in the circuit of Figure 2 (and in Figure 6, described below) in order Vto illustrate and operative embodiment of this circuit and of the system of this invention and, also, to simplify the presentation and explanation. For the parameters shown, the R, G, B signals in the'channels 12, *14, and 16, each may range from -10 volts to -50 volts corresponding to a brightness range in the original subject being scanned that goes respectively from minimum brightness to maximum brightness. The resulting output of the summing network applied to the grid of the cathode follower S8 varies approximately from 0 volts to -5 volts corresponding to a brightness signal range from minimum to maximum brightness. The arrows that indicate these and other signal ranges in Figure 2 (and in Figures 4 and 6) point to the signal values of smallest percentile (corresponding generally to maximum brightness or maximum saturation, as the case may be) and point from the signal values of largest percentile (minimum brightness Vor saturation). v Y y The diodes 72, 86,' and 88 of thesaturation signal circuit 40 .are respectively associated with the cyan, magenta,V and yellow signals. The diode 88 associated' with the yellow signal limits negative excursionsV of that (c values of 20% tribute to the signal on the connection 96. These positive voltages at the cathode of the diode 88 correspond to the yellow values between the saturation starting value of 21% and 0%. Over the portion of this range from 20% to 0% of y, the graph 16S, extending from the saturation control point 169 to the 0% point 167, calls for black ink values that are less than those called for by the graph 160 over the corresponding range of brightness values. The diode 8S effectively limits the voltages corresponding to the yellow values in excess of 21%, so that the only contribution (except for a contribution, noted hereinafter, due to the toe of the diode characteristic, or some other type of smoothing mechanism) of the yellow signal to the saturation signal generated `at theconnection 96 is the contribution of those yellow signal values corresponding to yellow between about 21% and The yellow signal voltage in the computer output channel' 24 may vary approximately from +15 volts to +10 volts as yellow varies from 100% to 0%. The adjustable tap 76 on the resistor 80 is adjusted to be at ground potential at a yellow ink value of 21%, such that the voltage value corresponding to the saturation control point 169 of yellow yink corresponds to substantially 20% of yellow. As a result of this adjustment of the tap 76,

reduced to approximately 13% each (which is a so-called pastel region Where no black is normally desired); or (3) some equivalent condition requiring no black ink is reached. Thus, as the signal level at the saturation signal connection 96 of the circuit 40 varies from ground (the saturation starting potential) to +0.5 volt, the generation of the black signal should be controlled in accordance with one of the graphs 168, 170, or y172 of Figure 3, or in accordance with some combination of these graphs.

The setting of the gain adjustment resistor 110 of the saturation amplifier 100 (relative to the setting of the gain adjustment resistor 125 of the brightness amplifier 125) supplies the proper factor to the rate of change of the saturation signal. This factor, as indicated above, is approximately tive, so that percentagewise the black ink values represented by the signal at the output connection 1.34 of this yamplifier 100 change at approximately ve times the rate of change of the percentage ink values represented by the saturation signal at the connection 96.

thevoltage there varies approximately from -20 volts to +5 volts as yellow varies from 100% to 0% However, due to the limiting action of the diode 88, only the portion of this voltage range from approximately ground to +5 volts (y values of 21% to 0%, respectively) contribute to the saturation signal at the connection 96. The tap 7'4 for the magenta signal is adjusted to be at ground potential when magenta reaches the saturation starting value of 19%. This adjustment of the tap 74 results in a voltage range at that tap 74 also of approximately -20 volts to +5 volts as magenta varies from 100% to 0%, and a voltage range of approximately ground to +5 volts (m values of 19% to 0%, respectively) at the cathode of the limiting diode 86. 1n a similar manner, the tap 66 for the cyan channel is adjusted to have a voltage range from approximately +20 vol-ts to +5 volts as cyan varies from 100% to 0%, so that this tap 66 is at ground potential when cyan equals 20%. Thus, the voltage at the cathode of the diode 72 ranges approximately from ground to +5 volts to 0%, respectively). The points 163, 165, and 167 at which black and a respective one of the inks c, m, and y go to 0% together may be used as fundamental points for setting up the equipment. Trimming adjustments of these taps 66, 74, and 76 ensure that the black signal goes to 0% when c, m, or y goes to 0%; and these adjustments may result in appreciable variations of the voltage ranges set forth above. However, these adjustments are necessary to ensure proper operation from the fundamental points 163, 165, and 167.

The limited voltages at the cathodes of the diodes 72, 84, and 88 are averaged by the network that yincludes the resistors 90, 92, and 94 to provide an average voltage at the common connection 96. The voltage at the common connection 96 varies approximately from about ground potential to +1.5 volts corresponding to a total of the cyan, magenta, and yellow ink values of from approximately 60% (2l%+20%+19%) to 0%, the condition of 60% being reached when each of the inks is at or greater than its respective saturation starting value. Thus, for each of the three inks c, m, and y, there is an average saturation starting Value of approximately 20%. A voltage level of +05 volt at the common connection 96 signifies that one or more of the ink values has passed into the saturation control range, and that one of the following conditions exists: 1) a reduction of 20% in one of the inks from the associated saturation starting value (which means that one of the inks has gone to approximately 0%, and a maximum or near-maximum saturation condition exists); or (2) all three inks are Additional exibility of operation may be achieved in the saturation sensing circuit 40 of Figure 2 by assigning different values to the resistors 90, 92 and 94. In this manner, speed of control of black by 4the saturation signal may be made dependent upon which ink is Ibeing withdrawn to cause this saturated condition.

The graphs 168 lto 172 in Figure 3, as discussed thus far, do not take into account the toe of the diode transfer characteristic in the cutoff region of the diode. As a lresult of this toe in the diode characteristic, the voltage at the cathodes of the diodes 72, 36, and 88 and the saturation circuit 40 approach the nominal cutoff value gradually. Due to this toe, these limiting diodes 72, 86, and S8 actually permit portions of the ink signals corresponding to values that are greater than the aforementioned saturation starting Values of 20%, 19%, and 21% for cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively, to contribute, on a non-linear basis, to the saturation signal at the connection 96. Consequently, the graphs 168, `170, and 172 tend to have some curvature in the regions of the saturation starting points, which curvature may extend to the saturation control points 169, 171, and 173.

A form of non-linear mixer 44 that may be used in the system of Figure 1 and with the circuits of Figure 2 is shown in `Figure 4. This circuit, known as a maximum selector circuit, includes two diodes 180 and 182 connected together at their cathodes to a common load resistor 184. Separate input voltages (the brightness and saturation signals) at the connections 1.30 and 134 are applied to the anodes of the diodes 180 and 182. The output voltage is derived at the connection 186 at the cathodes of these diodes across the common load resistor 184.

In the circuit of Figure 4, the output voltage at the connection 186 is approximately the maximum one of the input voltages at the connections and 134. That is, if the diode receives the more positive input voltage from the connection 130, this diode 180 conducts, and its cathode rises approximately to that input voltage. 'The cathode potential of the diode 182, is also approximately the input voltage at the connection 130, which, it has been assumed, is more positive than the input voltage at the connection 134. Therefore, the diode 132 is cut oli?. In a similar manner, when the input voltage at the connection 134 is greater than that at the connection 130, the diode 182 conducts, and the diode 180 is cut ot. Accordingly, the output voltage at the connection :186 is approximately equal to the maximum one of the two inputs.

By means of appropriate settings of the gain adjust-` ment resistor 125 and the direct-voltage-insertion potentiometer 127 in the amplifier 124 (Figure 2) together 11 withthe corresponding settings of the gain ,resistor v110 and the ldirect-voltage-insertion potentiometer 112 of the ajmpllier 100, Ythe voltages on `the connections 136 and 134 are related somewhat in accordance with the relationships of the brightness function graph and the saturation graphs 168, 170, and 172. For any one set of adjustments of the ampliiers 100 and 124, the circuits of Figurel may b e operated with a maximum selector mixer such as that of Figure 4 to generate black in accordance with the general ramifications of the relationships of these graphs ofFigure 3. A particular set of adjustments of these amplifiers 106 and 124 ymay result in certain simplifications in the overall operation, and various adjustments may produce different black Iprinters, asdesired. Generally, the points 163, 165, and 1157 at which the respective inks c, m, and y and black are remain unchanged, and 'the gain Vof the Vamplifier 100 which determines the slope of the lines 168, 170, land 17.2,also remains unchanged. The direct voltage levels, however, may be adjusted to provide various positions Aof the saturation starting points 190, 192, and194 with respect to the'brightness axis.

One set of adjustments of the ampliers 100 and 124` may be such that these circuits 100 and 124 produce, yfor example, a brightness signal ranging from volts to -2 volts, correspondinglinearly to brightness values ranging from 100% to 0%, and a saturation signal ranging from -l6 volts to 0` volts, corresponding respectively to a saturation starting value and a near-maximum saturation value. The choice of -17 volts has the effect ofplacing the saturation starting points 190, 192, and `194 well below the brightness axis. Thevpoints 163, V165, and 167, and the 4slopes of the lines 16S, 170, and 172 remain unchanged from that shown in Figure 3. However, the c, m, and y values (represented by the points 191, 193, vand 19S) corresponding to the new positions of the starting points 190, 192, and 194 `are larger percentiles thanrfor the parameters corresponding to Figure 3. vA maximum-selector output signal at the oo nn'ection 186 ranging from -110 volts to 0 volts .is used to generatea black signal ranging from 100% to 0%, respectively. y

Reference is made to Figures 5 and 3 to summarize the combined operation of the circuits of Figures 2 and 4 for this ,particu-lar set of voltage ranges. The idealized graph 200 (Figure `5) represents the generation of black ink values, through the maximum-selector circuit, las La function of the brightness signal, the abscissa values representing the lbrightness function values, and the ordina-tes representing both the input voltages at the connection 130 of the maximum-selector circuit and the corresponding output black-signal percent values. The

idealized graph 202represents onepossible case of gen-y eration of the'saturation signal, and is `a plot ofinput voltage, at the connection 134 of the maximum-selector circuit, against corresponding brightness values.

For any given combination of R, G, and B input values, the circuits 36 and l124 operate to produce `a brightness signal at the connection V130 that varies from '10 volts Ito 2 volts. For this same set'of R, G, and B input values, the color-correction computer-,1S generates aconsistent set of c, m, and y values. The saturation cir-V cuits'40 and 100 operate with these c, m, and y' values to produce at the connection 134 a voltage that may vary Within the yrange of -16 volts to 0 volts. The maximum selector circuit of Figure 4 receives these brightness and saturation signal voltages at the connections 130 `and 134, and produces at the output connection 186 a voltage which is substantially equal to the -maximurnrone of these voltages at the`connectionsf130 and 134. The-useful output voltageat the connection. lofrnay vary 'from -'lO vvolts to 0 volts, which range is used togenerate black Vink froml00% Yto 0%, respectively. The signal at'the connection 13d maybe used to derive an nl signal voltage at a voltage 4level appropriate -vfor Afeec'lbajck Vto the computer 1S in the manner outlined above with respect to Figure l.

In Figure 5, the change in brightness from 60% to l55% is, for the sake of example, considered to be due to certain spectral variations in the subject beingscanned, whichvariations are designed to be of such nature as -to cause the saturation channel to be activated and to develop the full range or saturation signal. This signal rises from -l6 volts at L=60% to 0 volts at L=3v5%. As previously indicated, the development ofthe saturation signal during the 60-35% brightness range as shown by the graph 202 represents Yonly one of a largenumber v of discernibly different spectral changes whichare possible during normal scanning operation ofthe 'equipment. Other saturation signal graphs correspondingfto the special cases represented by the graphs 168, p17-0, 172 of Figure 3 may be readily constructed in a similar manner for the voltage ranges applicablerto Figure Those spectral changes which result in the computer 18 generating one or more percentage ink values that reach or pass their saturation starting points are changes which result'ingthe development of a saturation signal. VThe quiescent Yvalue of this signal is 16 volts, and rrepresents a spectral condition of 'all ink values beinggre'rater than (or equal to) the saturation starting values. Saturation signal voltages less than -10 volts do not affect the voltage at the maximum-selectortoutput 186. When` a saturation condition starts `to develop, a saturation starting point for one of the inks is reached and passed, and the saturation signal at the connection 134 moves in a positive direction from -16 volts. At the crossover pointV 204 (40%L), this saturation signal takes control of `the output of the maximum selector circuit away from the brightness signal, and drives black in the direction of ground potential or 0%. After this 0% n value has Vbeen reached, additional reductions inink values have no further effect in'terms of black' Yinkpercentages. 'Y

Starting at minimum or 100% brightness, the behavior of the black ink output of the maximum-selector circuit may be traced as the brightness percentilesldecrease. From 100% to 60% brightness (for the particular single example of spectral change illustrated in Figure 5), the black-signal output of the maximum 'selector follows the brightness signal, while the saturation signal remains at-16 volts. From 60 to 40% brightness, the black signal continues to follow thebrightness signal, although thesaturation `starting point has been reached and the'saturation signal is rising at this time. At 40% brightness, the saturation signal overtakes the brightness signal (vcltagewise), and, from thenV on, the black-ink output signal of the maximum selector Vfollows this saturation-signal. With further decrease 'in percentage brightness, the saturation signal rapidly brings black up toward zero percent ink, finally reaching this value at L=35%.

ln the general case of operation of the maximum region of brightness values'less than 20% because the" brightness signal diode ist) is cut oit under these condi-k tions. ln thevr region of to 20% brightness, either sgnal'rnay control yblack depending'upon the Yposition and slopeof the saturation curve-these latter two saturation parameters AareA determined by the -pa'rticularrspec-A tral distribution which is added or substracted `for the change in' brightness which is involved; that is, these parametersare determined in accordance with one or more graphs such as the graphs 168, 170, and 172 of Figure 3. Due to the choice of -16 volts for the saturation starting voltages and -2 volts for the maximum brightness voltage, there are modifications of the control of black signal generation by the saturation and brightness signals from the controls suggested by the graphical relationships of Figure 3. These modiiications may be described generally as an ensured brightness signal control in the generation of large black ink percentiles and a reduction in such brightness signal control in-the generation of small black ink percentiles. Generally, there is a great deal of'iiexibility in the choice of the signal ranges that may beused.

. The black printer produced with the maximum selector circuit used as the non-linear mixer 44 may not be the best black plate possible when considered from the standpoint of carrying the greatest amount of detail. Generally an important function of the black plate is to carry as much detail as possible in order to relieve the more :expensive colored inks of this function, which -function the black ink is best equipped to perform. The maximum selector mode of mixing the brightness and saturation signals involves discarding certain information, the information represented by the minimum Signal which is not selected. This mode of operation, therefore, may result in the loss, for example, of significant luminance information in a region where the saturation signal is somewhat greater than the luminance signal but not completely dominant. Likewise, under the circumstances of the luminance signal being slightly greater than the saturation signal, the value of the saturation signal does not aiect the generation of the black ink with a maximum selector mixer.

: `Another non-linear mixer that may be employed with the circuit of Figure 2 is shown in Figure 6. The circuit connection 130 from the brightness signal amplifier 124 (Figure 2) is connected to the first grid of a first remote cuto pentode 132. The circuit connection 134 from the saturation amplifier 100 is connected to the lirst grid of a second remote cutoi pentode 136. The anodes of these tubes 132, 136 are connected to the positive terminal of a source of operating potential. The cathodes of these tubes 132, 136 are connected together and by way of an adjustable resistor 138 and a fixed Yresistor 140 to the negative terminal of a source of operating potential. The third grids of the tubes 132 and are connected to their respective cathodes. The second grids, or screens, of these tubes 132 and 136 may e supplied with a fixed potential from a potentiometer 142.* i

- The transfer characteristics of -a remote cutoff tube are discussed and shown graphically in the book Theory and Applications of Electron Tubes by Reich, 2nd ed., 1944, McGraw-Hill, at page 55. The remote cutoff tube, also known as a variable-mu tube, is compared with the 4 sharp cutoff tube a't the same page in this book. In a remote cutoff tube, thetransfer characteristic (plate current against grid voltage) approaches the grid-voltage axis very gradually, so that there is an extended usable toe region to the characteristic over a large grid-cathode voltage range. This transfer characteristic of airemote cutoff tube may be described roughly as made up of two somewhat linear regions having different slopes, which linear regions are separated by-a non-linear region whose slope varies from one to the other of the dierent slopes. The sharp-cutoff tube characteristic approaches the gridvoltage `axis very sharply, so that there is effectively 11o usable toe" region; that is, the toe region exists for v perhaps but a small fraction of a vol "Ihe signal produced at the adjustable tap 144 of the cathode resistor 138 is used for the black signal n. The signal at the tap 144 is amplified in -an amplier circuit y volts, of its range. The curve 146 that is generally of the same type `as the amplifier,

Reference is made to Figures 7 and 8 to explain the` operation of the non-linear mixer of Figure 6 especially when considered together with the circuits of Figure 2. The idealized graph of Figure 7 is the grid-cathode voltage transfer characteristic of the mixer of Figure 5 with the voltage on one of the inputs 130 and 134 varying over an extended range, and the voltage at the other held constant at an intermediate value. The idealized graph of Figure 8 is in three dimensions and has an X or brightness axis, a Y or saturation axis, and a Z or black in value axis. The graph in Figure 7 is plotted for brightness and saturation voltage ranges at the connections 13 9 and 134 that are equal; the mixer circuit may also be operated with unequal input voltage ranges. The brightness voltage range is from -10 volts to 0 volts corresponding respectively to brightness values from to 0%. The saturation voltage range likewise is from -10 volts to 0 volts corresponding respectively at these limits to conditions of minimum and maximum saturation values that affect the generation of black.

The origin of the graphic surface of Figure 8 is 'at the point of 100% brightness and minimum saturation (--10 volts, -10 volts, respectively). The black ink value at this origin point is likewise 100%. The curve 210 represents the mixer output for the full range of the input at the connection and a constant minimum voltage input, -10 volts, at the connection 134; this graph 210, thus, lies in the front, vertical plane of the cube formed by the X, Y, and Z axes and the parallel set of axes corresponding to the limits of the ranges being considered. 'Ihe curve 212 (shown in broken lines) is the mixer output over the voltage range at the input 130, and with the its range; the plane of the curve 212 is parallel to the front plane at a central position. The curve 214 represents the output of the mixervcircuit over the full range of the input at the connection 134 with the input at the connection 130 held constant at the low voltage end -10 216 is the mixer circuit output -for the voltage range at the input 134 with the input 1,30 held constant at an intermediate voltage level. These curves 210, 212, 214, and 216 correspond to different portions ofthe graph shown in Figure 7. The curves parallel to the Y axis in Figure 8 are distorted due to the three dimensional representation; this may be seen from the condition that the curves 210 land 214 should have the same curvature due to the symmetrical mode of operation of the mixer circuit of Figure 6. The brokenline curve 218 is a straight line representing the operation of this mixer with both input voltages varying and having equal values over the entire range; the graphic surface of Figure 8 is symmetrical about the line 218. The curve 220 extends in the plane of 0% black ink, and is the `inter` section with that plane of the curved graphic surface of the function generated by the mixer circuit. This curved surface includes values that cannot be generated by the mixer circuit of Figure 6 when used together with the circuits of Figure 2 in this color correction system. This limitation on the range of operation of the mixer under these circumstances is due to the fact that the input voltages at the connections 130 and 134 are not independent variables; that is, the c, m, and y values that determine the voltage at the connection 134 are computed fromthe R, G, and B values that determine the voltage at the connection 130. Thus, yfor example, the limiting point 222 representing 0% brightness and minimum saturation is not a real condition. Likewise, the point 224 repre-` The operation of the mixer of Figure 6 ltogether with input 134 receiving a constant voltage that is midway in thecircuits of Figure12 is described with reference to the th'reerdimensional 'graphtof Figure 8 and, also, to the graphs of Figure 3 and to the previous discussion of the saturationistarting points 190, 192, and 194 and the saturation control points 169, V1'71, and 173in that Figure 3.

The construction 'of the graphic surface of Figure 8 and the associated design and adjustments of the mixer circuit of Figure 6 lfor operation with the circuits of Figure 2 yare performed with the same fundamental points and parameters as those discussed with respect to Figure 3. Namely,V the points of congruence of the respective inks c, m, and y with black ink (the points 163, 165, and 167 of Figure 3) are rst established in the same manner as describedv above with respect-toV Figure 2; that is, these points-of-0% ink Vcongruencevthe points 260, 261,.and and 262 in Figure 8, are established by trimming adjustmentsof-'the resistor taps 66, 7'4, and '76, respectively,-in the saturation circuit 40 (Figure 2). Likewise, the gain adjustment ofthe saturationamplifier 100 determines generally the-ratio ofthe rate of Vchange of black to that of 'theinks, particularly in the region of the points of 0% congruence 260, 251, 4and 262.

Considering the previously discussed initial conditions of a brightness Value of 100% and c, m, y, and n values fo 160%, 50%, 40%, and 100%, respectively, the operation is described first for the circumstances that the y ink goes yfrom its initial value of 40%, to 0%, and c andfm change only'as required by the computer for correct colorinietric solutions. In the range of y lfrom 40% to the rassociated saturation starting value, the saturation signal remains unchanged at its minimum saturation value. Accordingly, black is generated in accordance with the graph 210 from the origin point 226, which is the saturation starting vpoint for yellow. At this yellow starting point'226, the black inl: value function departs'from the graph 210 and the plane of minimum saturation value, and'starts to follow the graph 228. In the region ofthe graph 22S between the saturation ,starting point 226` andthe crosseover point 230, the intersection with ther1inev218of symmetry, the contribution to the output signal of the brightness tube 1327is somewhat greater than-the contribution of the saturation tube 136. From this point 230 to the 0% black value at point 260 on the curve 220, the saturation tube 136 makes the greater conn'ibution to the black ink signal that is generated. Crossover rpointl2r30 is analogous tothe saturation control point e9-(Figure 3). The greater the separation, voltlage-Wise, between the inputs 134 and 130, the greater becomes the importance `ofthe contribution of the less negative input to the output signal; this mode of operation is discussedhereinafter. Thus, the output tends to yfollow the more positive one of the two inputs when these inputs are widely separated; when they are close together, these inputs tend to contribute equally to the output. The operation of the mixer circuit of Figure 6 is analogous to that ofthe maximum selector mixer of Figure 4 in that the extreme valued (that is, the maximum) one of the inputs tends to dominate'the generation of the output.V

However, in the mixer of Figure 6, both inputs always make some contribution to the generations of the output.

AThis graph 228 represents one limit to the black ink function that can be generated with the mixer ofiFigure 6 and the circuits of Figure 2. This graph 228 and theY portion ofthe graph 210 between the origin and the starting point 226 represent the black'ink function changing front, 100% to 0% under the condition of a minimum cbangein luminance.

Starting again from the aforementioned initial` conn ditions with cyan changing from 60% to 0%, black ink is generated in accordance with the curve 210 from the origin ,toi the point Y232 representing the saturation starting for cyan. Fromfthat point 232 to 0% cyan, the

blaclcink` vfunction follows the curve 234 as the saturation signal changes from its minimum saturation Vvalue to its maximumnsaturationvalue. The point236 on the curve 210 representsthe saturationfstarting point'formagenta,

and the graph 238 .represents the -black link curve'sas magenta changes from its saturation starting value to.0%.V Thepoint 240 corresponds to the point`196 in Figure -3, and represents the point at which all three inks arefat their respective saturation'starting values. The curve 242 represents the generation of black as the saturationsignal changes from the .minimum saturation value to the' maximum saturation value from the luminance value represented by the point 240. The curve 242 and the curve 210 from the origin to the point 240 represent the bound. tary of the mixer circuit operation .withthe brightness Value reaching a rninirnurn percentage.V The .blackn ink generator that includes the circuits of Figures 6 and 12 doesnot Aoperate along theportion of the curve 210 Ybetween the points 240 and 222; likewise, for example, 'this black ink` generator doesl not operate along the graph'214.

The .actualregionof operation on thecurvedfsu'rface is that` portion bounded by. the curves 228, 242, 210,`and

curve 242 represents thesuppression .of black by the `sat-v uration signal-for the greatest change in brightnessfrom the black limit. The saturation starting point of curve 242 is 240. This latter `point is located by successively. withdrawing the spectral equivalentofcyan, magenta, and yellow ink fron1`the brightness function to the extent that each saturation control point` is reached'- but not exceeded. If a controlling saturation .signal is now generated by withdrawing the remaining magenta, 0% black is reached via curve 242, which'represents the achievement 4of complete su-ppression of blackinlcfor the :smallestpossible percentage of brightness.

The combined operation .ofi the circuitsofFigures '2 and 6 is such'that the saturationsignal contributes to the generation of the black ink signal'between the'respective saturation startingpoints226, 232,'236,.and 240and the associated crossover points, and the brightness .signalcontributes't'o the 'generationiof black betweenthese r'espective crossover points and the points of 0% `congruence 260-263 (in each case, unlikethe maximurnselector operation). Therefore, there, m, and yA values cor'- responding tothe saturation 'starting points 226,'232jand 236 are .generally l'ess than the starting'. values for the maximurnselector mode of operation.

At every point of the surface of operation of this mixer lying between. the graphs 228 and 2,42 both tubes 13.2a`nd 136 contribute to the black ink value that lis generateds The extent of contribution of each tube is a non-linear function of the separation voltagefwise betweel'rtli'ev two inputs. When theg-input values areiclose together, .the tubes 132 and 136 tend to contribute substantially equally to the output; when theinputsare .widely separated, "the tube receiving the-largerf-input voltage tends to dominateV and be the. primary 'control .of the output voltage- Generally in regions of'minimum saturation, that wis,- Where the c, m, and yfvalues are'. greater than their'respec tive saturation startingrvalues, black is generated in accordance with the graph-210. However, when saturation is indicated by one of` the computed ink values being re duced below its saturationstarting value, the'saturatioriv 8. The effect of. thetoe" of the characteristic .of the ,df

ondes 7'2, 86, and. '88 in the saturationcircuit 40 insuresV that the saturation signal departs,graduallyfromthe minimum saturation valuesas the inks. approach their respec.

tive saturation control point values. fihis feature ytogether with the curved characteristic of the mixer tubes-,13:2 and` l-insures asmooth generation of the blacksignal over' and escasos T7 'the entire range of operation generally in accordance 'with the principles discussed above with respect to Figure 3.

The circuit configuration of the non-linear mixer including the tubes 130 and 132 may also be used where these tubes 132 and 136 are sharp cutoi tubes instead of the remote cutoff tubes `described above. With such sharp cutoff tubes, this circuit configuration has a mode of operation that is generally the same as the maximum-selector mode described above for the circuit of Figure 4. 'I'hat is, with sharp cutotf tubes for the tubes 132 and 136,` generally only one of the two tubes is conducting, that one receiving the more positive of the input voltages; but in` regions Aof the inputsy being substantially equal, both tubes conduct, and the output is proportional to the average of the two inputs.

In Figure 9, an equivalent circuit is shown for the plate current circuits of the mixer tubes 132 and 136 `conrnected in circuit with the common cathode resistors 138 -and 140 0f Figure 6. These cathode resistors 138 and 140 are shown in Figure 9 as the resistor Rk. The input voltages E1 and E3 applied to the :grids of the tubes 132 and 136 (Figure 6) are referred to a reference potential. The output voltage Eo is assumed to be taken at the cathodes of the tubes 132 and 136 as indicated in Figure 9 for the corresponding generators 232 and 236, respectively. i

Ilhe relationships between the grid-cathode voltages en and egg and the input voltages E1 and E2 are as fo1- lows:

i l v I eca=E2Rk(l1|-Ia) (2)` where Il and I5 are the respective plate currents. The

voltage loop equations for the equivalent circuit of Figure 9. may be written as follows:

and

`Solving these equations for I1 and I2, the output voltage o, which is the result of the combined currents I1 Aand I, liowng in Rk, may be written as follows:

llxElTpz-HLZEZRB! m+rnt1+a+e2 1+n 5) Rn This equation maybe simplified by dividing through by the product of the two plate resistances, and by replacing th'e resulting u/rp ratios bythe corresponding transconductances` gmi and gmz as follows:

rilhis Equation 7 Aindicates that the importance of each' input in its contribution to the output E0 is directly as` That is, the mixer circuit of Figure 6 is an v'adding circuit in that the output socia'ted with its transconductance.

voltage is equal to the sum of the` input voltages after each is modied by a certain factor. The -factor for each input voltage is equal to the transconductance of the associated tube 132 or 136 `divided by thesum of the trausconductanccs for the two tubes 132 and 136. In-

asmuch as the transconductance of the remote cutol tube is a non-linear function of the grid cathode voltage,

the operation of each tube of this adding circuit is non-` of this large `difference between the transconductances ofthe tubes 132 and 136 at the two limits of the input range, the non-linearity of operation is also a function` of the difference between the two input voltages. rIlhe greater the difference between the inputs, the -greater is the contribution of theA less negative voltage; the contri-4 bution of the more negative voltage is reduced by a factor substantially equal to the ratio of the transconductance of the associated tube to the transconductance of the tube receiving the less negative voltage. Thus, near the extremes of the input range, the contribution of the less negative voltage, say E1, is only slightly affected by the transconductance gmg of the other tube, and the contribution of the more negative voltage E2` is substantially reduced by the other transconductance gm, to a relatively small amount. In the condition of both input voltages E1 and E2 being equal, the addition performed by the mixer circuit of Figure 6 is on a substantially linear basis, since the transconductances in Equar vary only about l0 volts. Considering that the total` u voltage across these resistors 138 and 140 is approximately 360 volts, it is seenthat this voltage variation of.

10 volts is only about 3% of the total voltage drop.

Thus, thecombined current supplied to the cathode re-V sistance by the tubes `132 and `136, Irl-I2, is maintained This lfeature of substantially conw stant total current may be used to simplify the derivation substantially constant.

of the characteristicslof this circuit over the input voltage ranges.4

The prominence in the above Equation 7 of the trans. conductances of the tubes`132 and 136 indicates the de-` pendence of this .mixer circuit on a stable and extended gm' characteristic in the cutol region of the remote cut-I ofr type of tube. -In contrast, the sharp cutoi tube 'typef has neither a stable nor an extended region of this type. The Iaccuracy and precision requirements of this circuit,

as well as the overall operation of the system, is based' on the minimum density difference discernible bythe human eye in a printed reproduction. This minimum discernible density diierence may be considere-d to be a basic l criteria for an information signal unit, and corresponds approximately to 0.1% of ink.

In the black-printer use of this circuit, lfor a range of ink, for example, 1000 such information signal units are required-ideally each unit held by an accuracy specification of about 5% (voltage-wise). With approximately half (500) of these information signal units in the high gm region and the `other half in the low gIn region, a tube with a stable extended regionof each type is required. Assigning onedhundredth of a volt for each information signal unit, 500 such levels total 5 volts. The value of onehundredth of a volt is approxiaccesos mately the smallest voltage increment'that can be maintained safely and repeatably in direct-current amplifier circuitry of this generalv type with generally available techniques. i

The mixer circuit of Figure 6 operates as ay function generator, generating a non-linear function of two variables. The principles Vof this circuit may be extended to the generation of functions ofthree or more variables. Thus, togenerate functions of three variables a third tube (such as; the. tube 2d@ in Figure l0) may be connected in a circuit inthe same manner as the other tubes 132 and 136. Ini general, the output voltage at the common cathode connection may be expressed by an equation off' theform of Equation 7 above; namely, the output voltage equals the sum of the rnodiiiedV input', voltages, thel modification being the factor ofthe transconductance ci the tubesl associated with that input Volt-age divided by the sum ofthe transconductancesof all thetubes;

The circuitof Figurev l is aimodicationof the circuit otV Figure Y6L in that trimming resistors 242 2145i, anddo are respectively connected between the-cathodes of the tubesY 1.32, i3d, and 24@ andthe cominonterrninal at the resistor 13,8. An, additional modjiicationV in the circuit of Figure l0 is the` provision of separate screeuvcltage supplies, shown astherespective potentiometersldd", d, and 252, for thetubesl'l', i3d, `and 24d.' v

The, relationship of the output 1 voltageforthis circuit of FigureV l0. may bereadily derived in amanner similar to Equation 7: above. This relationship for the circuit of Figure lilfisisomewhat more complex in form due to the eects of the trimming resistors 242, 245i, and 24d. The efcct'of each'trimming resistor in a two tube circuit may be described as tending generallyrto increase the rela-Y tive contribution due to the input ofthe other tube rather than to decrease the importance ofthe input'associated with that resistor; for example, the resisi-tor 242 associated with the, tubev 13,?.V tends Vto increase the relativeI contribution to; theloutput En of the-E2- input by a factor containing the'l product 'of the transconductance of the' tube @133 and the resistance of the resistor 242.

These resistorsrZdZ, 244; and Mdrmaybe unequalin magnitude, thereby producing a non-symmetrical mode of,I operation. Such a nonssymnietrical mode of operation may also be produced. by applying. diiterent screen voltages to thescreensof the tubes` in the circuits ofFigure 6 Vor Figure l0. Screenvoltage variations have. the effect offvaryingrsomewhat the curvature of .thev tube characteristie. Another parameter vthat may be adjusted individually for thetubesin the circutsof Figure Sor Figure l() is that of the rangesY ofi the, inputvoltages: -X/'aria'tionsV in the range ofinput voltage have the eiect of changing theV portion of. the l tube.A characteristic, such i asf that shownV in Figuref7, along which the, tube operates; AInf connection:

with the circuit of Figureo; such variations in input volt= agerange maybe supplied on an individualfbasis'bytthe amplifier circuits itiii'andflZe-lof; Figure 2. These amplil tiers-1G@ and 124 may 'provide individual adjustments in termsof the gain, as Well as the direct 'voltagelevels that arefinserted. v

If an output of. opposite phase4 is desired; a common anode :load resistor may'beprovided, and'tliis output may beederived at the common anode connection; Generally, suchv arr anode resistor'should be-suthciently small so that the anode voltage excursion'overthe signal-range is rela'- tively srnall.`

Thus, in accordance with this invention, a newandV improved yblack printer systemis' provided. This system may b'eA readily, adapted. to meet varied. preferences and requirements in theamountofblack to be, printed for colorreproductions. Alsoriu accordance with thisinventioma,

new and improved non-linear mixing, circuitis provided; this miningcircuit maybe usedfor :generatingnon-linear functions of' two or more variables,

yWhatisclaimedis: i f1 l f y l. Apparatus for derivingA black: printer-information from a subject having vcolor characteristics by means of? signals representative of `color componentsofisaidsubject, said apparatus comprising meansforproducingirstandf? second signals respectively 'representative otthe b'riglitf-4 ness and of the color saturationof said subject fromssaid color component signals, and means including aY nonlinear mi'xer circuit connected to receive the outputs ofY said iirst and second signal producing means andi arranged to produce signals representativev of the black `of said sub-- ject from said brightness and color-saturation signalsl with the magnitude of said blaclcsignals being controlledr primarily in accordance with the one of said brightness and color-saturation signals closer to one of theextrcmes over at least certain portions of theV ranges of said hrst and secondsignals.

2. ApparatusY for derivingv black' printer information? from. a; subject having. colon characteristicsby means' of-v signals representative of; color components of said 'sube ject, said apparatusccmprising means torjprodu'cingsir'stf and second signals respectively representative? of theft brightness' and of thecolorsaturatiomoi said subject-fromt said color component signals; andzmeansfincluding a non# linear mining circuit connected; to; receive". and: combine` said; iirstand second signalsl tof produce? signals represen#- tative of the black of said subject from said briglitn'essfandf color-saturation signals with themafgnitude" offsaid black signals.` beingcontrolled in: the maziniinf; accordance:with?V the magnitudes of those of said brightness signals repre#- sentative cf low brightnessvaluesiandin accordance With the magnitudes of those of said color-saturation signals@ representative of near-maximum;celorssaturation values.

3. Apparatus for deriving black printer information, from a subjectN having color characteristics by rn'eansfoi signals` representative of color components offs'aid subjeca. said apparatus comprising means for producing iii'st and second signals respectivelyv representative. of the brightness and of the color-saturation of said subject -frcm sa'idl color component signals, and means for` producing signals representative of the Vblack of saidVV subject by combiningf' 4. Apparatus for deriving black printer informationv from a subject having color characteristics by means of signals representative of color components of saids'ubject, said apparatus comprising means for producing rst and second signals respectively representative of the brightness and of the color saturation of said subject from said color component signals, and mixer means 1"e^v-- sponsive to said rst and second signals for producing signals representative of the-'black of said subject from said brightness and color-saturation signals, said black signal producing means including means forcontrollin'g` the ratelof change ofv said. blacksignals in accordano? with the rate. of changent saidcolorsaturatiou;signals;

5.. Apparatus for producing achr'omatic representative.e informationifrom a. subject incolori by: means of;.com. ponent-color representative'. signals: `derivedxfrrnn "saidr subject, said apparatus comprising; -a'. circuiti for? produc-f` ing aY brightness representatives' signal oint saiclfv com; ponent-color signals, a circuit. for producing a color-saturation representative signal-*from said component-color signals, and a circuit including anon-linear mixer device for' sfoau'cingfan annemarie representative Sigan by combining said brightness signal and said color-saturation'l signal over acontinuously extended rangeof each. j

6. Apparatus for producing achromatic representative information from a subject in color by means of com! ponent-color representative signals derivedfrom said` subject, said apparatus comprising a circuit for produc-` ing a brightness representative signal from said cornponent-color signals, a circuit Vfor producing a color-saturation representative signal from said component-color signals, and a circuit for producing an achromatic representative signal from said brigh-tness signal and said color-saturation signal with the magnitude of said achromatic signal being controlledV primarily in accordance with the one of said brightness and color-saturation signals closer to one of the extremes of the ranges of said 'brightness and said color-saturation signals over at least certainportionsof said ranges.

7. Apparatus as recited in claim 6 wherein said circuit for producing an achromatic signal is operative toV control the magnitude of said achromatic signal directly as the one of said brightness and color-saturation signals closer to said one extreme.

8. Apparatus as recited in claim 6 wherein said circuit for producing an achromatic signal is operative to control the magnitude of said achromatic signal substantially as the one of said brightness and .color-saturation signals closer to said one extreme when relatively widely separated in value and substantially as the average thereof `when relatively close together in value.

9. Apparatus for producing achromatic representative information from a subject in color by means of component-color representative signals derived from said subject, said apparatus comprising a circuit for producing a brightness representative signal from `said component-color signals, a circuit for producing a color-saturation representative signal from said component-color signals,` and a biased non-linear' mixer circuit for producing an achromatic representative signal from said brightness signal and said color-saturation signal with the magnitude of said achromatic signal varying as the sum of certain fractions of said brightness and colorsaturation signals depending upon the bias setting of said mixer.

10. yIn a system for obtaining 'color corrected records from a subject having color characteristics wherein apparatus produces a plurality of corrected color-component signals in accordance with a plurality `of uncorrected color-component signals derived from said subject and in accordance with signals representative of the black of said subject, the combination with-said apparatus of means for producing signals related to the brightnessof said subject in accordance with a plurality of said color-component signals, means for producing signals related to the color saturation of said subject in accordance with a pluraliy of said color-component signals, means for producing signals representative of the black of said subject in` accordance with both said brightness and color saturation signals with the one thereof having a value closer to a certain extreme tending to dominate in the production of said black signals, and means for applying said black signals to said corrected signal producing apparatus.

11. In -a system -for obtaining color corrected records from a subject having color characteristics wherein apparatus produces a plurality oi corrected color-component signals in accordance with a plurality of uncorrected color-component signals derived from said subject and in accordance with signals representative of the black of said subject, the combination with said appara tus of means for producing signals related to the brightness of said subject in accordance lwith a plurality of said uncorrected color-component signals, means for producing signals related to the color saturation of said subject in accordance with a plurality of said corrected color-'component signals, means'tor producingsignal representative of the black of said subject in accordance' with said brightness and color-saturation signals-with ther magnitude of said black signals `being controlled pri-1 marily in accordance with the magnitude of those of said y paratus produces a plurality of corrected color-component signals in accordance with a plurality of uncor rected color-component signals derived from said subject and in accordance with signals representative of the black of said subject, the combination -with said appara-` tus of means for producing iirst signals representingthe weighted brightness of said subject in accordance with' a plurality of said color-component signals, means for producing second signals representing the color saturation of said subject in accordance with a plurality of said color-component signals, mixer means for produc-y ing signals representative of the black of said subject in accordance with both said iirst and second signals with the one thereof having a value closer to a certain extreme tending to dominate in therproduction 4of said: black signals, and means for applying said black signals to said corrected signal producing means.

13. The combination as recited in claim 12 wherein one and the other of said iirst and sec-ond signal 'producing means respectively receive said plurality of iin-*- correctedcolor-component signals and saidA plurality of corrected color-component-signals and are operable inaccordance therewith. t

14. In a system for obtaining color corrected records from a subject having color characteristics wherein Vapparatus produces a set of corrected signals corresponding.' to diterent color components in accordance with a set. of uncorrected signals corresponding to different color components, said uncorrected signals being derived in accordance with the color characteristics of said subject, the combination with said apparatus of, means for producing iirst signals in accordance with allof one of, said sets of signals, means for producing second signals in accordance-with all of the otherone of said sets of signals, and means including a pair of remote cutoff tubes each responsive to a different one of said first and second signals for producing signals representative of the black of said subject in accordance with the one of said first and second signals closer to one of the extremes.

=15. In a system for obtaining color corrected records from a subject having color characteristics wherein apparatus produces a set of corrected signals corresponding to different color components in accordance with a set of uncorrected signals corresponding to different color components, said uncorrected signals being derived in accordance with the color characteristics of said subject, the combination with said apparatus of means for producing rst signals having magnitudes in vaccordance with all of one of said sets of signals, means :for producing second signals `having magnitudes in accordance with all of the other one of said sets of signals, and non-linear mixer means responsive to said first and second signals for producing signals representative of the black of said subject by combining said iirst and second signals over a continuously extended range of magnitude of each.

16. In a system for obtaining color corrected records from a subject having color characteristics wherein apparatus produces a set of corrected signals corresponding to different color components in accordance with a set of uncorrected signals corresponding to different color components, said uncorrected signals being derived in accordance with the color characteristics of said subject,

the combination with said apparatus of means for producing first signals in accordance with all of one of said sets of signals, means for producing second signals in accordance with portions of said component-color signals of the other one of Said sets that go beyond a certain value, means including a non-linear mixer circuit for producing signals representative of the black of said subject iu 'accordance with both said rst signals and said second signals with the magnitude of said black signals being controlled primarily in accordance with the one of said first and second signals closer to one of the extremes over 4at least certain portions of the ranges of said iirst and second signals.

17. T-he combination Aas recited in claim 16 wherein said black signal producing means is operative to control the magnitude of said black signals directly as the one of said rst and second signals closer to said extreme over the entire ranges thereof.

18. The combination as recited in claim 16 wherein said black signal producing means is operative to control the magnitude of said black signals substantially as the one of said rst and second signals closer to said extreme when said first and second signals are relatively widely separated in value and substantially as the average thereof when said lrst and second signals are relatively close together in'value.

19. In a system for obtaining color corrected records from a subject 4having color characteristics, a non-linear mixer circuit comprising a plurality of electron control devices of the remote cutoi type, each of said devices having anode, lcathode and control electrodes, means for apply-ingto said control electrodes lsignals representing different characteristics of said subject -to be mixed, a common cathode impedance connected to said cathode electrodes, and means for deriving output signals substantially in accordance with the current in said .common impedance.

20. In asystem for obtaining color corrected records from a subject having color characteristics, a non-linear mixer circuit comprising a plurality of electron control devices, each having anode, cathode, and control electrodes, Ieach of said control devices having a transfer characteristic that includes two substantially linear regions of different slopes and substantial extent, means for applying :to said control electrodes signals representing differenty characteristics of said .subject to be mixed, .a common cathode impedance connected to said cathode 24 electrodes, and means-for deriving outputsignals substantially in accordance with the current in said commonimpedance. f

21. A non-linear mixer circuit as recited lin claim 20` andl further comprising separate impedances connected between said cathode electrodes and said common cathode impedances.

22. In a color correction system, a non-linear mixer circuit comprising a plurality of at least three electron control devices, each having anode, cathode, and control electrodes, each of said control devices having a transfer characteristic that includes two substantially linear regions of different slopes and substantial extent, means for applying to said control electrodes signals representing different color characteristics to be mixed, a common cathode impedance connected to said cathode` electrodes, and means for deriving output signals substantially in accordance with the current in said common impedance.

23. In combination with a subject having color charl acteristics and means for deriving signals representing diierent characteristics of said subject, a nonlinear mixer circuit comprisinga plurality of electron control tubes of the remote cutoi type, each of said devices hav-` ing anode, cathode `and control electrodes, means 'for applying said signals .as input signals to said control electrodes, a common cathode impedance connected to said cathode electrodes, and means for deriving output signals substantially in accordance with the current in said common impedance, the transfer characteristics o t said tubes being Such that said output signals are substantially proportional to the Sum of said input signals each modified by a factor equal to the transconductance of the associated tube divided by the sumof the transl conductances of said tubes.

References' Cited in the iile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Neugebauer July 16, 1957 

